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Thursday, December 7, 2017

Động cơ chống tham nhũng của ông Nguyễn Phú Trọng


Động cơ chống tham nhũng của ông Nguyễn Phú Trọng

06/12/2017

Ông Đinh La Thăng đã bị khai trừ khỏi Bộ Chính trị
Xoa dịu sự phẫn nộ của người dân, tăng cường sự kiểm soát trong Đảng, đấu tranh phe phái, cải thiện hình ảnh của khu vực Nhà nước và củng cố niềm tin của các nhà đầu tư nước ngoài có thể là một số nguyên nhân khiến cho Tổng bí thư Nguyễn Phú Trọng tiến hành chiến dịch chống tham nhũng quyết liệt, theo nhận định của nhà báo David Hutt trên tờ AsiaTimes.

Trong bài báo có nhan đề “Sự hủ bại ở Việt Nam tệ đến mức nào”, nhà báo David Hutt đã điểm lại những vụ án tham nhũng nổi cộm ở Việt Nam trong thời gian qua như vụ Trịnh Xuân Thanh ở PetroVietnam, vụ Hà Văn Thắm và Nguyễn Xuân Sơn ở OceanBank và PetroVietnam.
Bài báo dẫn lại việc ông Trọng yêu cầu sớm đưa Trịnh Xuân Thanh ra xét xử và cho rằng việc xử tội ông Thanh có ý nghĩa quan trọng với ông Trọng cho nên Việt Nam mới bất chấp việc rạn nứt quan hệ ngoại giao với Đức để đưa ông Thanh – vốn lẩn trốn ở Đức – về Việt Nam quy án.
“Một số người cho rằng chiến dịch bài trừ tham nhũng của ông Trọng là một nỗ lực để xoa dịu quần chúng trong nước vốn đang phẫn nộ với tình trạng tham nhũng rõ ràng ngày càng lan rộng trong Đảng,” bài báo viết và dẫn lời GS Carl Thayer thuộc Đại học New South Wales ở Úc cho rằng các phiên tòa và các hình phạt nặng nề được báo chí đưa tin rộng rãi là nhằm mục đích này
Trong vụ án PetroVietnam-OceanBank, có tổng cộng 51 bị cáo bị cáo buộc các tội danh từ biển thủ công quỹ cho đến lừa đảo. Hà Văn Thắm bị kêu án chung thân còn Nguyễn Xuân Sơn bị tuyên án tử hình.
Tuy nhiên các nhà phân tích cũng nghi ngờ có âm mưu chính trị đằng sau chiến dịch này. Một phần là do hồi tháng Năm, ông Đinh La Thăng đã bị đưa ra khỏi Bộ Chính trị và sau đó bị cách chức Bí thư Thành ủy Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Đây là lần đầu tiên trong vòng hơn 20 năm qua ở Việt Nam mới có một ủy viên Bộ Chính trị bị khai trừ như vậy. Ông Thăng là đồng minh thân cận của cựu Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng.
Ông Trọng được cho rằng đang tìm cách thanh trừng phe cánh ông Dũng và nhổ tận gốc mạng lưới lợi ích mà ông Dũng đã xây dựng khi tại nhiệm vốn bao gồm bộ máy lãnh đạo tại PetroVietnam và OceanBank.
Tuy nhiên cũng có ý kiến cho rằng việc bè phái trong Đảng với việc chống tham nhũng là hai chuyện khác nhau và không có liên quan gì với nhau.
Một lý do nữa là ông Trọng muốn tăng cường sự kiểm soát của ông đối với Đảng khi mà tại kỳ Đại hội Đảng lần tới vào năm 2021, ông bắt buộc phải về hưu sau hai nhiệm kỳ trên cương vị Tổng bí thư. Do đó, nhiều khả năng ông Trọng muốn đảm bảo rằng dàn lãnh đạo mới phải tuân thủ đường lối của Đảng.
Chỉnh đốn lại khu vực kinh tế quốc doanh vốn làm thất thoát lớn tài khoản quốc gia cũng là một lý do. Đặc biệt điều này lại càng quan trọng trong bối cảnh chính quyền Việt Nam đang kêu gọi cổ phần hóa các doanh nghiệp Nhà nước từ các nhà đầu tư nước ngoài.
“Mặc dù các nhà đầu tư nước ngoài đã thể hiện sự quan tâm lớn đối với Sabeco và Habeco (hai tập đoàn đang kêu gọi nhà đầu tư nước ngoài mua cổ phần), các doanh nghiệp nhà nước khác không có được sự quan tâm như vậy do tiếng tăm đã bị hủy hoại sau nhiều năm xảy ra tình trạng tham ô và quản lý yếu kém,” bài báo viết.
Bất chấp những nỗ lực này, GS Carl Thayer được dẫn lời cho rằng nó “không có tác dụng răn đe cho lắm trước tình trạng tham nhũng thâm căn cố đế ở Việt Nam”. Theo lời ông giải thích, đó là vì “nguyên nhân gốc rễ là quản trị đất nước yếu kém khi không có một hệ thống kiểm toán, điều tra và công tố độc lập không bị chi phối bởi ảnh hưởng chính trị.”



How deep is Vietnam’s rot?

An anti-corruption drive aims to burnish the Communist Party's image, settle political scores and attract foreign investors

By David Hutt, @davidhuttjourno December 5, 2017 12:57 PM (UTC+8)
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A Vietnamese security guard stands guard at the venue of the APEC Summit 2017 in Danang, Vietnam, November 8, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Jorge Silva
A Vietnamese security guard stands guard at the venue of the APEC Summit 2017 in Danang, Vietnam, November 8, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Jorge Silva
At a meeting of Vietnam’s main anti-corruption body held late last month, the country’s leading politician instructed it to quicken the pace of its investigations into corrupt officials.
Nguyen Phu Trong, general secretary of the ruling Communist Party, applauded the anti-graft body for establishing a list of “urgent cases requiring drastic settlement,” local media reported but also stressed that much more needed to be done.
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In particular, Trong told the body to expedite the case of Trinh Xuan Thanh, former head of PetroVietnam Construction, a subsidiary of state-owned PetroVietnam, the country’s largest energy firm. Thanh is accused of losing hundreds of millions of dollars from the firm through mismanagement and corruption.
Tranh’s conviction is clearly important to Trong, who, in May, said he would apprehend the absconded executive “by any means.” It wasn’t hyperbole: Vietnam risked major diplomatic fallout with Germany, its largest European trading partner, after its agents kidnapped Thanh in Berlin in August.
(Hanoi incredulously contends he voluntarily returned, as he “admitted” during a televised confession).
An image of Vietnamese former oil executive Trinh Xuan Thanh is seen on state-run television VTV, claiming he turned himself in at a police station in Hanoi, Vietnam August 3, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Kham
An image of former PetroVietnam executive Trinh Xuan Thanh on state-run television VTV, claiming he turned himself in at a police station in Hanoi, Vietnam August 3, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Kham
Two Vietnamese diplomats were expelled from the country and Germany later cancelled its visa waiver agreement for Vietnamese diplomats. Germany’s Foreign Ministry has called for Thanh’s return because he was applying for asylum, though this is unlikely now that he is headed to trial in Hanoi.
A month after Thanh’s kidnapping, one of Vietnam’s largest ever anti-corruption trials got underway over alleged corrupt dealings between PetroVietnam and Ocean Bank, a partially state-owned bank.
Fifty-one defendants faced charges of dodgy loans between the two firms, embezzlement and fraud. Since both firms are state-owned – partially and fully – the loss of state finances, even by mismanagement, is a criminal offence under Vietnam’s Penal Code.
Ha Van Tham, a former general director of OceanBank and later head of PetroVietnam, was sentenced to life in prison. Nguyen Xuan Son, a former PetroVietnam chairman and chief executive of Ocean Bank, was sentenced to death, the first time the penalty has been handed down for illegal financial activity in years.
Another 49 bankers and officials were handed a myriad of sentences. Thanh’s fate will be decided by February. Besides the PetroVietnam and Ocean Bank cases, several other major anti-graft investigations are ongoing, with most focused on the activities of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
Vietnamese Communist Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong smiles before a meeting with China's President Xi Jinping (not pictured) at Central Office of the Communist Party of Vietnam in Hanoi, Vietnam, November 12, 2017. REUTERS/Luong Thai Linh/Pool
Vietnamese Communist Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong smiles before a meeting at the Central Office of the Communist Party of Vietnam in Hanoi, November 12, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Luong Thai Linh
Some see Trong’s anti-graft campaign as a high-level bid to appease ordinary Vietnamese angered by the Communist Party’s increasingly visible rot.
“High-profile trials and harsh sentences are carried out to assuage public anger over corruption,” Carl Thayer, a Vietnam expert at the University of South Wales in Australia, wrote in a briefing in September.
But analysts also suspect political intrigue. This is partly due to the fall of Dinh La Thang, the Party’s chief of Ho Chi Minh City, who in May was removed from his post and dismissed from the Politburo, the first person to be sacked from Vietnam’s highest decision-making body since 1996.
The official line was that Thang had made “very serious mistakes” and engaged in corruption when he was general director of PetroVietnam from 2009 until 2011. Thang had appointed Thanh as chairman of PetroVietnam Construction.
But analysts note that Thang was also a close ally of former two-term Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung, who was sidelined at last year’s Party Congress. Some think Trong is now in the process of purging Dung’s protégées and uprooting the patronage network Dung had built while in office, which may extend to executives at PetroVietnam and Ocean Bank.
An employee counts U.S. banknotes among Vietnamese banknotes at a branch of Vietnam Prosperity Joint Stock Commercial Bank (VPBank) in Hanoi, Vietnam November 15, 2017. REUTERS/Kham
US dollar and Vietnam dong banknotes at a branch of Vietnam Prosperity Joint Stock Commercial Bank (VPBank) in Hanoi, November 15, 2017. Photo: Reuters/Kham
Some commentators suggest the Party has become more conservative since last year’s Congress, a move led by Trong. But Trong is arguably better understood as an “elitist” who wants to return the Party to its historic consensus-based decision making, which the individualistic Dung threatened.
One theory is that this intra-Party schism has overlapped with the government’s emboldened anti-graft campaign. This is disputed by other analysts, who consider them separate trends. What is indisputable, though, is where both are headed.
The next Party Congress, in 2021, will bring a major shakeup of the Party. While pundits predict as much before any Congress, it is guaranteed at the next meeting due to the high number of leaders set to retire.
Trong would have been required to step down last year because of his age had it not been for special permission to continue for an additional term. Trong, 73, is unlikely to get another after 2021, however.
Therefore, it can be expected a new generation of officials will rise to the highest levels of the Party, who may or may not decide to toe the Party’s line. Making sure that they do appears to be Trong’s ambition.
Newly re-elected Vietnam Communist Party (VCP) Secretary General Nguyen Phu Trong speaks as a press conference after the closing ceremony on the final day of the 12th National Congress of Vietnam's Communist Party in Hanoi on January 28, 2016. Vietnam's top communist leader Nguyen Phu Trong was re-elected on January 27 in a victory for the party's old guard which some fear could slow crucial economic reforms in the fast-growing country. AFP PHOTO / POOL / LUONG THAI LINH / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Luong Thai Linh
Communist Party Secretary General Nguyen Phu Trong at the 12th National Congress in Hanoi on January 28, 2016. Photo: AFP/Luong Thai Linh
Another explanation for Trong’s ramped up anti-graft campaign focuses on the future of the Communist Party. Corruption, incompetence and embezzlement among Vietnam’s SOEs have cost state finances dearly in recent years.
A report presented to the National Assembly’s Judicial Committee last month claimed at least US$2.6 billion has been lost due to corruption over the past decade, which may be an underestimate judging by the figures revealed in recent trials.
As such, the government is struggling to raise funds for major infrastructure projects needed to sustain high economic growth. Public debt was roughly 64.7% of GDP at the start of the year, while last year the government ran a budget deficit of 4.4% of GDP. Analysts agree that the Party’s unelected legitimacy depends largely on continued fast growth.
An effort to raise revenue through unpopular taxes is one solution; stopping the illegal flow of money out of SOEs is another. But the government’s past efforts to tackle corruption within SOEs and the public sector have traditionally been limited, especially when it comes to reclamation of funds.
Of the US$2.6 billion apparently lost over the past decade, only 8% has been recovered by authorities, according to the report presented to the judicial committee. If recovering lost funds is an unlikely way of replenishing state finances, preventing the loss of future revenue is more achievable.
Men drink Sabeco's Saigon beer on a roadside restaurant in Hanoi, Vietnam November 29, 217. REUTERS/Kham
Men drink Sabeco’s Saigon beer on a roadside restaurant in Hanoi, November 29, 2017 Photo: Reuters/Kham
Indeed, perceptions about the quality of SOEs’ management are of rising importance as the government embarks on a major divestment campaign, including the floatation of big stakes in Saigon Beer Alcohol Beverage (Sabeco), Vietnam’s State Capital Investment Corporation, and Hanoi Beer Alcohol (Habeco).
Officials have said they hope to raise as much as US$5 billion in selling a majority stake in Sabeco on December 18. While foreign investors have shown strong interest in Sabeco and Habeco, the same cannot be said of Vietnam’s other SOEs whose reputations have been stained by years of economic mismanagement and embezzlement.
As such, the government’s latest anti-corruption drive is also likely designed to rehabilitate the reputation of its broad state sector, crucial if divestment is to succeed and SOEs are to attract investors from abroad. But the rot may be too deep to change many SOEs.
“Sentences will have little deterrent effect on endemic corruption in Vietnam,” academic Thayer wrote, “because the root cause is the lack of good governance, including an independent system of audit, investigation and prosecution that is free from political influence.”
He added: “The shock of these sentences, like a booster inoculation, will wear off over time.”


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